Black Elk Speaks Essay

Black Elk Speaks is about a Native American boy that has visions and these visions help him with the religious aspects of live. He has these visions that tell him what to do and shows him the path to righteousness. These visions can also be seen as myths, which are stories that try to explain something. Every culture has their own collection of myths. Black Elk Speaks is also a very symbolic book, because it has the use of many objects or people that represent other things. In the American culture, as well as other cultures around the world, are also very symbolic. The American culture is very diverse in that there are many different cultures that have mixed and created the American culture. The American culture is not something that is easily explained, because it is so mixed with many other cultures from around the world. At first there were American Indians and they brought along their tribes and myths and rituals. Then came the British and over time the Chinese because of the California gold rush. In time America was in habited with many different nationalities and ideas. These ideas were slowly but surely blended together. As for example, when the British shared their meal with the Indians they were also sharing their culture and food. The exchange of food and other ideas brought the two distant worlds closer. The more important ideas are what does all this exchanging of food and ideas symbolize? â€Å"A symbol is something such as an object, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention†(Wikipedia, 1). The object used in Black Elk Speaks is a pipe, given to them by a â€Å"young and very beautiful† woman, which symbolizes trust and companionship. Now, my friend, let us smoke together so that there may be only good between us† (Black Elk Speaks, 5). Black Elk and Neihardt have a smoke together to share their friendship and trust between the two. The pipe can also symbolize peace amongst people and/or tribes. Another act, such as the killing of a bison, might be seen as bravery, integrity, courage, pride. The American culture changed drastically when more cultures were included, such as the Chinese and African Americans. Slaves brought in from Africa, which meant that they brought along their culture and tendencies to America. Even though slavery was not the right thing to do, it brought a new culture into America and made it more diverse and â€Å"developed. † For example, superstitions are something that has shaped the culture as well. Spilled salt, walking under a ladder, a broken mirror, etc. are all superstitions that are said to lead to bad luck. When someone does one of these things they believe that bad luck is upon them. This causes them to act in a different way. Something bad in the future happens they may turn and blame it on the bad luck. Maybe some of the things that happen are just coincidences but culture has taught us to believe that it was the bad luck caused by the spilled salt, broken mirror, or walking under a ladder. Another big symbol in Black Elk Speaks is the four ribbons tied to the pipe that Black Elk and Neihardt smoke. It represents the powers of the four quarters of the universe. There are four ribbons tired to the pipe and each ribbon is a different color, which symbolizes a different power. Black is for the west, the source of the rain; red is for the east, the place of the morning star that gives wisdom; white is for the north, source of cleansing wind; and yellow is for the south, the places of summer and growth. Myths are another big thing that shapes a culture. Black Elk’s visions are like the myths in this story. In his vision, a bay horse greets Black Elk. He then tells Black Elk that he will tell him a story of the life history of himself. The horse walks in a circular motion â€Å"‘Behold me! ’ he said, ‘My life-history you shall see. ’†¦ ‘Behold them! Their history you shall know’† (Black Elk Speaks, 19). Each side that the horse goes to there are twelve horses that are each in a group of different colors. The horses to the north are white, those to the east are sorrel, those to the south are buckskin, and the ones to the west are black. The horses will take Black Elk to his Grandfathers. The sky fills with dancing horses that change into diverse creators and lead a formation of the horses from the four directions. They arrive at a cloud those changes into a tepee with a rainbow door, which inside the six Grandfathers are waiting. A myth is like a traditional story which usually contains some sort of hero or event. In this myth, the vision that Black Elk is having, is an event that is occurring. A bay horse appears in front of him and shows him the way to meet the six Grandfathers. Sometimes myths may sound like a fairy tale. For example, in ancient China, there was once this monkey that was very troublesome and cause destruction to the heavens. He was punished and put under a mountain. After about several hundred to a thousand years a monk comes along to save the monkey and there starts a journey of adventures and evil to obtain immortality. This is a myth because it is a legend of a hero that is punished for his crimes and therefore pays his debt by serving under his master. There are many aspects of a culture. The American culture is very diverse and tough to explain in one short answer. There is no true American culture because it is just a mixture of different cultures from around the world. Black Elk Speaks shows the forms of myths and symbols and how they contribute to American culture. Black Elk’s myths and symbols are very similar to those of the American culture.

Bartleby and Berino Corene. The Employer’s problem Essay

Bartleby and Berino Corene. The Employer’s problem Introduction Bartleby is about a lawyer who is overwhelmed by workload at his office to the extent that he needs an extra hand with writings thus calling for the need to post an advertisement for a scrivener. Lucky for him, he lands the resolute Bartleby who undertakes his duties at the office diligently to the admiration of the lawyer who lauds his good work unlike his two other scriveners: Turkey and Nippers. These two are the lawyers first headache at the workplace, Turkey for one, cannot work during the afternoons due to his old age but is strongly against his boss laying him off the job in the afternoons thus prompting the lawyer to delegate to him less serious documents for copying in the afternoon. Nippers on the other hand though of young age, has a temper and a stomach problem. Additional to that, he can only perform his duties in the afternoon when he is calmer and relaxed CITATION Mel90 p 7 l 1033 (Melville 7). Upon arrival at the office, Bartleby proves the opposite of the two as he w orks from morning to evening a thing that impresses the lawyer who sees for sure he had actually struck gold with this new scrivener but little does he know trouble is brewing for him in the future. Bartleby is a sheep ion a wolf’s skin; all his good work suddenly turns to total non-performance one single day when the lawyer is overwhelmed with duties at his office and calls upon him to assist with copying some of the documents causing a backlog at the office but he declines. Irrespective of the lawyer’s need for a helping hand, he feels obliged to Bartleby’s request of, â€Å"I would prefer not to† as being utterly genuine and being said in a polite and respectful manner that he lets it pass for the first time CITATION Mel90 p 14 l 1033 (Melville 14). Little does he know he was laying the bed for more trouble to come in future tasks that Bartleby is called upon to undertake. â€Å"I prefer not to,† becomes Bartleby’s infamous mantra at the workplace when he is called upon to undertake any take called upon him by his employer and surprisingly enough the lawyer finds it very hard to reprimand this new weird behavior. In real sense, under any working setting, it is not the duty of the employee to decide on what tasks he/she should do and what they should not do; it is their duty to undertake all duties delegated to them assiduously. How politely and calmly Bartleby delivers his request for not undertaking any new tasks lea ves the lawyer perplexed on whether he really should be asking Bartleby to undertake a specified task. However, this becomes overbearing when Bartleby reports to him that he would not be doing any more writings. Bartleby’s actions prompts the lawyer to clear his wage balances and ask him to leave. Nonetheless, after clearance with his employer, Bartleby sticks around the workplace and makes it his home. It is problem to the lawyer for despite having terminated Bartleby’s contract, he sticks around at the workplace and to make matters worse transforms the workplace to his sleeping quarters. This comes to the lawyer’s attention one Sunday morning when he cannot fit his key into the door only for the door to be opened by Bartleby who politely asks him to return after a few minutes and he surprisingly finds himself abiding to the request. The lawyer believes that he is undertaking a noble cause by allowing Bartleby to stick around the office doing nothing but soon this behavior turns out to be a nuisance to the business and an eye sore to the coming and going customers thus prompting him to move his business to a new location considering the fact that Bartleby would ever leave irrespective of what actions are taken against him or how much he is coerced to do so CITAT ION Mel90 p 42 l 1033 (Melville 42). Contrary to his expectation that by moving out he would have solved the Bartleby menace, he is accosted by a new tenant of the old building and by the police who leave Bartleby under his care. Bartleby continues his stubborn and withdrawal behavior to the extent that he refuses an offer of staying with the lawyer and later is taken to prison on vagrantly charges. Irrespective of the lawyers constant concern of trying to keep an eye on him while in prison, Bartleby refuses to take food offered to him while in prison resorts to sleeping under a tree at the prison yard where he meets hi final demise. In reality, the lawyer had tried all in his power to help a depressed Bartleby and he hand turned down the helping hand, it left the lawyer wondering if Bartleby’s previous employer’s: the Dead Letters had anything to do with his withdrawn lifestyle. He is transfixed to the disturbing connection in the conclusion of his narration describes it as, â€Å"Dead letters! Doe it no t sound like dead men†¦. Sometimes from out the folder paper the pale clerk takes a ring—the finger it was meant for, perhaps, molders in the grave; a bank- note sent in swiftest charity—he whom it would relieve, nor eats nor hungers any more†¦on errands of life, these letters speed to death. Ah, Bartleby! Ah, humanity†¦CITATION Mel90 p 55 l 1033 (Melville 55)† Different handling of Bartleby’s case In reality, there is no better way how the lawyer could have handled Bartleby’s case for he just instantly transformed from being a hardworking individual to a lousy self-reserved introvert. Perhaps, one precaution that the lawyer should have undertaken before hiring Bartleby, would have been to perform a background check on his previous employment history or enquired directly form Bartleby himself his lifestyle/family background. There is no single place in the narration where we are told that the lawyer assessed the above competences from a recruit once he placed an advertisement out, he seemed too eager to sort out his firm issues that were at hand risking oblivion to other factors that affect the normal functioning of the business. Similarly, the same can be said about his lenient stance towards accommodating Bartleby’s ill behaviors even when they directly affected his business. It shall be argued that his morals came first when it came to handling issues purportin g to Bartleby, nut what he should really done is instilled the real ideology of responsibility onto his employee as opposed to trying to find a solution to all his problems. There is this one specific stance in the narration that puts o question the lawyers helping hand, he himself noticed Bartleby’s miserable stat of life and withdrawal symptoms, why not sign him into a mental facility to get professional assistance as opposed to turning him into a mooch and accommodating his ill mannerisms. References Melville, Herman. Bartleby and Benito Corene . New York : Doven Publications , 1990. Source document

Infection Control and Hand Hygiene Literature review

Infection Control and Hand Hygiene - Literature review Example Firstly the nursing staff should be aware of the proper procedure and principles of hand hygiene. They should know the correct technique to follow it. Secondly they should have the will to follow it. They should feel morally responsible for the patients and value their life. Lastly a great deal of effort has to come from the hospital to educate the staff and supply them with proper supplies related to hand hygiene. Secondary Research This is a qualitative research on the topic infection control and hand hygiene. The purpose of the research is to discuss various issues to help understand what infection control and hand hygiene is and how the two are related. The research will look to cover range of theories and articles in order to elucidate what is being discussed. For the research, following key terms and phrases were identified: Hand hygiene nursing Hand hygiene practice Hand hygiene and infection control Hand hygiene and WHO Ways to motivate hand hygiene in hospitals hand hygiene and infection prevention Maintaining hand hygiene in hospitals Infection control and hand hygiene statistics Lack of hand hygiene in hospitals Hand hygiene compliance Hand hygiene and infection control books The above keywords and phrases were researched in different academic databases like PubMed to find suitable articles and study. A large chunk of research was done from nursing books online from reputable authors and editors. Newspaper and online articles of only trusted sources like BBC and the guardian have been included for the research. Keywords Phrases E-Books and Newspapers online Book/article Selected PubMed Articles Selected GOOGLE Database Articles Selected A Hand hygiene nursing 993 1 2,200,000 3 B Hand hygiene practice 45,500 2 1,171 2 14,400,000Â   3 C Hand hygiene and infection control 12,100 1 3,234 1 D Hand hygiene and WHO 745 1 10,700,000 2 E Ways to motivate hand hygiene in hospitals 934 2 F hand hygiene and infection prevention 27,900 1 2,483 2 6,020,000 2 G Ma intaining hand hygiene in hospitals 1,680,000 1 H Infection control and hand hygiene statistics 2,240,000 2 I Lack of hand hygiene in hospitals 1,950 1 1,420,000 3 J Hand hygiene compliance 851 4 1,550,000 2 K Hand hygiene and infection control books 1,540 4 Definition of infection control Infection control looks to prevent those who might be in danger of acquiring deadly diseases and infections. Infections could come from the community as well as from the nursing staff in case a person is already admitted to a hospital. Infections develop due to poor hygiene and the most basic aim of infection control is to counter the environment that allows unhygienic practices (WHO, 2013). Glasper and Richardson, in their book Children’s and young people’s nursing explain that for infection to occur there must be a host, a germ or bacteria that could be transferred and finally a transmitter. If any of these three things are not present then it is not possible to transmit infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2007). Nizam Damani in his book ‘infection prevention and control’ explains the two most basic ways of catching infections in hospitals. Transmission of infection comes from direct and indirect contact made to the patient.

Various Religious Restrictions in Many Forms of Art Assignment

Various Religious Restrictions in Many Forms of Art - Assignment Example It does not add anything foreign to its shape because the religion believes that the work of man is never equal to God’s art. To add to this, focus on the Quran brought about illustration and calligraphy. The Quran also makes explicit and various prohibitions on figurative imagery like bowing to gods as well as prohibit iconography. Unlike in Islamic art, Christian art is extraordinary because it does not illustrate the particular style of art, region, or period, but rather a specific choice of purpose, which entails extensive styles and forms. Getlein (378) also explains that Christian art touches on subjects like theology, politics, history, and philosophy. Having started with the minority groups, who had singled out their beliefs, it started having a universal occurrence in both private and public buildings to what was referred to as Christendom. Christian art was seen in great churches, abbeys, royal palaces, and cathedrals. It was also seen parishes, small churches, and private residential. The imagery of Christian was also evident in mosaic and wall-paintings in the walls of churches. What impacted the nature and creation of Christian was the decision of Paul to spread the gospel and when Constantine embraced Christianity. Christian art can also be traced towards the beginning and end of both second and t hird century. In the Old Testament, there are prohibitions of images, which are graven, families would be buried in tombs that were carved with marble and outside the walls of Rome, and the Romans would dig catacombs to bury their family members (Getlein 15). In chapter 21 of The Living Art, different works of arts have been exhibited from writers and artists who found it thrilling and overwhelming because they recognized art as modern. Getlein (506) argues that modernity is said to have developed a new type of society in the wake of revolution from diverse art movements like an American, Industrial, and  the French revolution.

Economics-Market Power, Oligopoly, Monopoly Essay

Economics-Market Power, Oligopoly, Monopoly - Essay Example Depending on the premise and circumstances of the discussion it can be reasonable to argue that competition is socially harmful as compared to market power. However, the argument against competition is very weak since empirical evidence and data shows the competition has more economic benefits and support for the development of the market than a single firm holding and dominating market power over an industry. This is because there are several benefits which can be gained from having some competition in a market. For instance, competition may force prices to go down for the consumer if a lower cost producer competes in the market. Additionally, a better product might be entered into the market with actually superior or perceived superior quality. The combination of these two factors can create products which are innovative, desirable and can cause the emergence of brands within an industry. At the same time, competition may be unnecessary or wasteful if the product differentiation is very low. For instance, the battle between Coke and Pepsi for market share seems to be wasteful since the products they are marketing are very similar to begin with. However, advertising can be socially effective when the products are dissimilar and offer different benefits as in the case of computer operating systems like the ones created by Apple, Microsoft and Linux.

Teaching Multiculturalism with Materials List and Script Essay

Teaching Multiculturalism with Materials List and Script - Essay Example The story is told from the point of view of the spirit of a Grandmother finishing her time on Earth. It describes some Indian's beliefs about what it is like to cross into the spirit world. (Non-computer source) 2. Video: Positively Native - This video deals with stereotypes about Native Americans and how one Native American child comes to terms with those stereotypes. The story follows Martin as he creates a video that gives an accurate portrayal of Indian lifestyle. Martin learns about his own heritage by interviewing relatives and taking part in a drumming ceremony (Chariot Video Distribution). (Non-computer source) 3. Audio: Grey, Z. (n.d., originally publ. 1922). The vanishing American. Grey has a sympathetic take on Native Americans and sees a culture in peril. It tells of a young Navajo who is taken by a party of whites at a young age and subsequently has a white upbringing. He struggles to balance his Native American origin with the white culture he knows well and in which he enjoys success. (Non-computer source) 4. Picture: National Museum of the American Indian. Assiniboine cloth dress. Retrieved July 23, 2008, from http://www.nmai.si.edu/exhibitions/identity_by_design/IdentityByDesign.html. This picture shows a dress that bridges cultural gaps between Native American worlds. For book: "No matter where someone might live on this planet, one thing is sure: people from a community there, sometimes even close friends and family members, eventually pass away. What are some things people in our society - not necessarily you, maybe just someone you know - believe about the afterlife I've placed you in small groups to discuss this subject. You have 5 minutes to talk. Select one person to write a list of things you noted, and another person to read the list to the class." "Now that you've shared your thoughts, please start group reading Beyond the ridge, by Paul Goble. As you read, you should each make notes about how the grandmother in the story deals with an important issue in her life." "You've made some good lists about issues that were important to the grandmother. Now compare this list to the list you made earlier, about your ideas of the afterlife. Where are there similarities and differences" For video: "What are some things you think you know about people who live in the southern part of the United States How about people from the North What about people from the West [list all answers on board.] Here on our list, we have some accurate information, but we also have some stereotypes. What are stereotypes [collect students' answers on board.] We can say that stereotypes are broad conceptions we have of a large group that we form based on interaction with and knowledge of a small number of people from that group. What stereotypes do you think people have about elementary school students Does it ever hurt your feelings when they think something is true about you, but it s not "What do you think are some stereotypes people have about Native Americans [collect list on board.] Let's take a look at a video called Positively Native. It will tell us how a young Native American thinks the world sees him, and

See below Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

See below - Term Paper Example On the third part of the paper, the impact of the great power and the attitude of the corporation were also discussed. The documentary entitled â€Å"The Garden† was used in this discussion. It displayed the attitude shown by the corporation. And the last part is the conclusion which is the idea and the opinion of the writer were written. On January 1, 2002, an article was published by The Washington Post written by Michael Grunwald which was entitled â€Å"Monsanto Hid Decades of Pollution: PCB’s Drenched Ala. Town, But No One Was Ever Told.† This article is regarding the contamination of a nearby creek from an area of wet lands where the Monsanto Factory hid PCB toxins. It was said on the article that some scientists tested the said creek from toxicity by releasing fish and in three and a half minutes, most of the fish died. A lawsuit had been filed against the corporation but on January 5th the corporation issued a clarification regarding the article stating that the Monsanto Corporation had no involvement in the ongoing lawsuit concerning PCB pollution which was made by the old Monsanto Corporation in Anniston Alabama Solutia Incorporated. The corporation said that the Monsanto Corporation’s chemical operation had been spun off in the year 1997 into a Solutia Incorporated which is responsible for the issue and which is the defendant of the lawsuit. The above example is just one of the happenings that showed the power and attitude of the Monsanto Corporation. The growing power, attitude and global control of Monsanto Corporation lead to the violation of the essence of â€Å"dirt,† leading to the farmers to become slaves and the risk of human and animal’s health. Monsanto Corporation was founded in the year 1901 at St. Louis Missouri. John F. Queeny, an Irish immigrant and a 42-year-old who is a purchaser of a Drug Company of the Meyer brothers, started this kind of

Effectiveness of Cloud Seeding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effectiveness of Cloud Seeding - Research Paper Example Despite the increasing application, there are questions that have been raised relating to the technology and its practical uses, especially in regard to its effectiveness. The aim of this paper is to address such questions by analyzing the effectiveness of cloud seeding. Application of Cloud Seeding In China, during the period preceding the Olympics festivals, cloud seeding was used to cause rain and snow. This technology was specifically applied in Northern China and was successful to the extent that in snowed for the first time in Hebei, around Beijing (Moseman, 2009). The Chinese capital had not witnessed any precipitation before this from the previous October. The precipitation formed as a result of cloud seeding was significant and caused at least the closure of 12 area highways in or near Beijing. Cloud seeding in this case saved China from the pangs of the worst drought in the country’s history in the last few decades. The seeding of clouds by the Chinese government to cause the snowstorm involved the use of over 40 sticks of silver iodide, each the size of a cigarette stick Beijing (Moseman, 2009). ... In this way, they will no longer be distributed all over the atmosphere as tiny droplets but regroup into few big droplets. Fog removal is important especially where high visibility is paramount such as in airports. Studies have indicated the high level of effectiveness of cloud seeding in removing fog and clouds from affected areas (Ryan & King, 1997). The technology is effective in a few square miles and often in a matter of hours. Lightning suppression has a high economic value to both humans and the environment. Lightening can cause death and sometimes leads to the ignition of forest fires. When thunderheads are seeded with tiny aluminium fibers, they tend to dissipate some of their electrical charges in the cloud. Very little study has been conducted on the effectiveness of this method in respect of lightning suppression. However, the little research conducted so far have given promising results (Ryan & King, 1997). Cloud seeding and rain production Rain is an important factor i n the production of plant crops and during the rearing of animals. This is because rain is, in most cases, the main source of water in many areas. Even without considering agricultural productivity, rain is useful in that it helps in the regulation of temperatures and in containing dust and improving humidity. In fact, in desert areas such as the California's Mojave Desert, it is a rare resource, its preciousness far beyond measure. Essentially, cloud seeding has been applied in many jurisdictions as a water management strategy, in many cases the technology being applied with an aim of causing rain. This is done by distributing chemical substances in the clouds, one common substance used in this respect being dry ice. The effectiveness of cloud

Employee Rights and Responsibilities Research Paper

Employee Rights and Responsibilities - Research Paper Example Based on specific guidelines, granting â€Å"time off† with pay is a statutory right of every employee (Lawpack Publishing Limited, 2010). Aside from statutory rights, some contractual rights of employees were also presented in the Harding case. Contractual rights are rights contained in the contract of employment and which were agreed upon by the employer and the employee. Right to employee privacy. This is the right which the employees of Harding Space think is being violated by management. They felt bad having a surveillance camera monitor them and now even their calls will be monitored. Right to know the reasons for monitoring the staff. Employees have a right to know that there is monitoring, what is being monitored and why it is being done. Harding must explain to its employees why there is a need for it. One reason which they can give why the calls are being monitored is because of the highly confidential nature of their business which involves large aerospace contracts of the government. Right to join or not to join a labor union. In the last part of the case, the company spokesman mentioned about how grateful he is that they do not have a union because a disgruntled employee may decide to join the union, if it exists. In the case presented, the employees of Harding have a right to form a union. If they do so, the management might have a problem with the issue of monitoring employees because of the possibility that the union might fight against it. Question 9 There are several rights of privacy that employees have while on the job. Right to his personal possessions. The employee has the right to his personal belongings including his briefcase or handbag (FindLaw, 2011). Right to personal storage lockers. The personal storage lockers should only be accessible to the employee (FindLaw, 2011). Since Harding has already set up TV cameras in the workplace, they should be guided by law that they are not allowed to put cameras in private areas such as c omfort rooms or locker rooms. Right to personally-addressed mail. An employer cannot open a privately addressed mail to his employee because it is considered an intrusion to the rights of privacy of the employee. The case did not show any violation of this right. Right to telephone conversations and voice mails. This right is sometimes subject to monitoring restrictions as shown in the case of Harding Space. â€Å"The federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) places some limitations on an employer's right to monitor its employees' telephone usage at work. Under the Act, an employer usually may not monitor an employee's personal phone calls, even those made from telephones on work premises† (FindLaw, 2009). In the Harding’s case, management was concerned about the personal calls being made by its employees that is why they issued a memo asking their employees to eliminate personal calls. I don’t think that Harding can impose a â€Å"total ban† o n personal calls because that is a right of the employee. What Harding can do is to make a memo stating a certain limit to personal calls. I suggest that if long distance personal calls

Nursing contribution to patients recovery after anesthesia Essay

Nursing contribution to patients recovery after anesthesia - Essay Example My reflection will be done mainly by applying specialist knowledge in the assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation in the caring for the perioperative patient in recovery. In light of this, it is intended that at the end of this essay I will have developed an explicit understanding of psychological, social and cultural influences affiliated with patient care in PACU and how to manage them and their various outcomes. My role as a recovery room nurse was to monitor and treat the post-anesthesia effects of a patient in a Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Immediately after the surgery, I ensured that I provided constant care to the patient by following a certain time frame. I constantly checked and treated the patient after every few minutes, until the patient regained stability and was ready for transportation to a hospital room. Hatfield & Tronsons’ (2008) suggests that recovery nurses should ‘’treat the patient not to monitor’’ even to the point of discharge especially bearing in mind the type of anaesthesia the patient may have had, and keeping up to date with evidence based practice and changes that occur in practice in relation to how to manage these patients. Recovery room nurses should ensure that they learn during this period. The Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) This is the recovery room where post-aesthesia management took place. The other names of this room are the post-anesthetic room (PR) or anesthetic room (AR). I used the room to perform several functions such as close observation of the patient’s vital signs in a more specialized way than in a normal hospital ward. I also provided treatment of post-operative illnesses such as post-operative nausea and vomiting and quick detection and response to any complications. The recovery area usually requires specialized conditions such as an emergency call system for the anesthetists and the nurse, temperature monitor devices and various equipments and drugs. The Royal College of Nursing (2005) suggests that nurses should make additional observations indicated by patient’s condition and according to your local hospital policy as this can improve practice and avoid adverse incidence occurring this promoting patient safety. The NMC code of conduct suggest that health care profession als must maintain a Continuous Professional Development Portfolio hence keeping their practice up to date throughout their working like NMC (2008). NICE Guidelines (2007) guidelines on how to change practice also stipulates that health care professionals can overcome barriers in practice by keeping their knowledge and skills update which is return ensures safer practice in patient care. The hospital staffs I worked with were highly skilled and trained in handling patients with post-anesthesia effects. The room was strategically located near the operating room to allow quick transportation after the surgery. Once patients recovered, I transported them to the main ward where they waited for orders for discharge or given further minor attention. Discharge of the patient from the hospital only takes place, if they regain complete recovery and stability (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). In the recovery room, I learnt that cooperation was necessary to ensure that the patients obtained max imum care. I ensured that I prepared adequately and worked with unity with other personnel to enable quick recovery of

Recognise the impact of prejudice Essay Example for Free

Recognise the impact of prejudice Essay Three of the examples of prejudice or stereotyping in Task 9 and describe what strategies/methods as a community interpreter would use to influence/educate agencies in overcoming these barriers. Write about what systems agencies already have in place to overcome these particular barriers. Example 1: The Iranian Interpreter, how would you deal with this situation in a professional manner? Strategy: Get to know a person on an individual basis before you decide if you dont like them. Youre not going to like everyone, but you do need to respect them as an individual and spend time with them before you make a judgment. You need to realize that your way isnt the only way. Example 2: People who came from an Arab background and who attended mosques were looked at differently. This means that people you passed every day on the street were given a discrimination.This is not fair treatment Strategy: Learn about different cultures and people to understand differences between yourself and others. As you learn more, you can relate to other people better even when differences exist. You need to go where you are in the minority and experience what it is like to be in that situation. Example 3:Many people have the view of a person with mental illness as someone who is violence-prone. Strategy: Be respectful of differences. You need to be able to agree to disagree. Even if you dont have eye contact with each other, you will feel and know that their attitudes and behavior.

Overview and History of Hispanic Culture

Overview and History of Hispanic Culture The term Hispanic was first coined the Federal government in the years of 1970s. This was in an attempt to provide a common identity to a large, group of population that had a connection to the Spanish language (Toomey and Chung, 2012). It is a term referring to individuals residing in the United States and whose origins are traced back to the regions of Latin America that speak Spanish. The regions whose people are considered the Hispanics are Central America, Mexico and South America and along the Caribbean (Davis, 2000). Efforts to link up the relationships between these multicultural societies it is also very important to understand how the world today is characterized by an ever growing number of contacts that results from communication between people of different linguistic and cultural backgrounds (Samovar, 2006). Basically, this communication occurs because of the contacts that exist within military installations, areas of business, education, entertainment, scientific instit utions, etc. It is therefore necessary to denote that to understand intercultural communication amongst the Hispanic, there is a need of focusing on their cultural beliefs, and social attributes. Culture has different meanings although it is used to denote to a set of standards, values, art, practices and music of a particular group. Becker (2004) defines culture, as a complex whole that includes beliefs, arts, knowledge, morals, law, and any other capability and habit which is acquired by mankind within a society. Furthermore, he denotes that culture is normally acquired and learned, as opposed to biological traits which are inherited (Samovar, 2006). As we are made to comprehend that this was innovative against the background of colonialism, social evolution and racialism which were the most common ideologies during the nineteenth century (Davis, 2000). Hispanics cultural beliefs and social attributes form the basis of this papers work that is in line with their communication links along their cultural setup. They are regarded as a highly group-oriented form of social setup. In this sense, Hispanics put strong emphasis on the family as the main source of the identity of an individual, and it protects against the hardships an individual passes through. People who do not have the capability of creating this set up are not easily trusted, and this process is very cautious (Toomey and Chung, 2012). The model of a family, amongst the Hispanics normally comprises of aunts, grandparents, cousins, etc. They use the term Familismo to describe their strong and supreme loyalty to extended families. Due to an emphasis on harmony, collectivity and corporation amongst the Hispanic people, this group normally emphasizes collective responsibility (Toomey and Chung, 2012). The decisions and behavior of each are ascribed to the strong ties shared with the extended family. Within these groups, there is a very rigid definition of sex roles. The elderly are revered and very much valued by all members of the family. On the end, the male figure is seen as a symbol of authority within these social constructs (Martin and Nakayama, 2013). Although some of the female roles are being defined of late, the women in Hispanic culture still occupy the subsidiary positions. In these groups, fathers have the prestige and authority and sons on the other end bear earlier individuality as compared to the daughters (Bergad and Klein, 2010). Language refers to a set of words that are used by a common people, who belong to the same country, community, cultural tradition, and geographical area (Piller, 2011). Under the Hispanic culture, language is viewed as a process of communication that helps to bring the society together. For them, Spanish is a key marker of personal, social and political identity (Cai, 2010). This means that Spanish speaking televisions make the much important part of the lives of the fluent English speakers. Communication among the Hispanics is never limited to one language, but there is a need to integrate both English and Spanish in communication. These individuals are not limited to neither English nor Spanish but to both. Religion has played a significant role among the Hispanics for generations. Most Hispanics are very religious, and the most dominant religion is Catholicism (Piller, 2011). Catholic religion plays an important role in shaping the manner in which these people behave, and communicate with one another. Becker (2004) explains that 90% of the Hispanic people practice the religion of Catholicism. Religion shapes the mode of relationships and also contributing to better intercultural communication. In recent years though, other faith denominations have been identified to grow within the people of the Hispanic community. The church is said to influence family life and also community affairs of the Hispanics by giving spiritual meaning to the people of the Hispanic culture (Cai, 2010). For every local community patron saints, days are celebrated in given much importance than what individuals do during their birthdays. When a light meal is served in the morning, it implies that a breakfast is served. El almuerzo or Lunch is usually the main meal of the Spanish- speakers. Some countries make it a custom for their adult family members and their children to come home and celebrate el almuerzo together (Martin and Nakayama, 2013). La siesta, which is a resting period among the Hispanics is said to be a habit among this group of people. In the early evening, la merinda, a light snack of coffee sandwiches is served, and it is usually for children. At around 9.00 p.m people normally conclude the days meals (Bergad and Klein, 2010). Hispanics refer to midday and evening meals to be very important and are always associated with sobremesa when guest is present. Sobremesa is a time the Hispanics talk over coffee or an after –dinner drink (Davis, 2000). The Hispanics only accept food served when it is offered for the second time. The behavior is learnt across cultures, and it helps in shaping an identit y in line with interpersonal communication among groups. Latino culture is denoted by celebrations of holidays and traditions. These traditions and celebrations normally help to shape the life of that culture (Toomey and Chung, 2012). The holidays help in shaping opportunities of deepening family, friends and communal connections. Others believe that such days do offer an excuse to party (Cai, 2010). The Hispanic celebrations range from religious to patriotic and from popular to unique. Navidad or better known as Christmas celebrations is the most common of them all because 90% of the population ascribe to the doctrine of Catholicism (Bergad and Klein, 2010). The other most common religious celebration is La Semana Santa or the holy week. La Semana Santa is a cultural practice amongst the Hispanic people, and it is common in Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru (Cai, 2010). The Hispanic Heritage month is celebrated only in the United States. Hispanics tend to describe their communication in a very formal manner. They look at each other with formal considerations. Greetings and leave-taking are described with handshakes as a formal means of communication (Martin and Nakayama, 2013). Also between women, and men and women who share close relationships; hugging and light kissing is visible to be a common practice among these groups.In language address, words of respect are shared across cultures (Bergad and Klein, 2010). The words such as Don or Dona are used before peoples first names this shows how such forums are formal in nature. In non-formal communication setups speaking is often loud, fast and full of animated gestures for the better conveyance of meaning to the points stated (Martin and Nakayama, 2013). In terms of dressing, wearing of formal attires bears the meaning given to formal gatherings for example church, parties, social gatherings and also work (Davis, 2000). Hispanics are noted to be very relaxed about time and space of punctuality than the Native Americans do. Not arriving on time is a socially acceptable behavior among the Hispanics (Piller, 2011). For instance, a meeting that was scheduled to begin say at 8.00 would not commence until at around 8.30 because guests begin showing their faces around at the latter time (Toomey and Chung, 2012). Also, their accent limits them from public speaking, because they feel they might be marginalized or ignored all the same. Becker (2004) explains that life normally goes one way. Furthermore, people are always caught between the past and future. In other words, we are living with the uncertainty of which we are conscious. In this sense, there is that ability to see our destinies and fates dramatically different because of our cultural attitudes about controlling external forces (Cai, 2010). Hispanics believe in a strong sense of uncertainty that is inherent in life, and they take each day as it comes (Bergad and Klein, 2010). The term fatalismo is usually used by Latinos to express their belief that individuals are not able to do anything about fate. For example in Medicine and health matters, they would prefer not to inquire if they are diagnosed with cancer but rather they would just believe that Gods punishment has made them the way they are. Because of fatalism, Becker (2004) explains that Hispanic patients are normally reluctant to seek screenings for purposes of preventing diseases. They would only attend these screenings until the disease they are suffering from becomes severe (Martin and Nakayama, 2013). Preventive screenings are important because they help in avoiding diseases such as chronic illnesses, and cancer, and radical invasion procedures and treatments. Latinos are more concerned with relationships rather than time. The word Simpatia means kindness and it refers to the idea of being polite and pleasant even when in the presence of stress. Hispanics, therefore, are said to be very kind to anyone trying to communicate with them at all lengths (Cai, 2010). They command an optimistic approach at every instance even in the presence of depressing situations. An individual who is trying to communicate with these community members should never have an approach that could be read as neutral. This is because it would translate to unkindness. They demand attention, patience, respect and if possible communication is in Spanish. Furthermore, physical gestures like handshakes or placing hands on the shoulders of other people help in communicating warmth and happiness. In other cases, they demand confidence from their respondents. Intercultural communication is the communication system or elements that help to share information across different cultural groups. Communication occurs when there are a recipient or respondent and the sender or communicator, a medium of communication and the information itself. Hispanics are a group of people living in the United States but trace their origin to Spanish speaking nation like Cuba, Mexico and the Caribbean. In understanding these relationships in communication, despite a lot of emphasis and focus being placed on other cultures in America, Hispanics culture shape the American world. From formal communication to informal communication Hispanics culture demands confidence, respect attention and patience. In other cases, they demand that their respondents to speak in Spanish which translates into greater rapport between them and their communicators or recipients. References: Becker, P. (2004). Social change in America: The historical handbook, 2004. Lanham, MD:  Bernan Press. Bergad, L., Klein, H. (2010). Hispanics in the United States: A demographic, social, and  economic history, 1980-2005. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cai, D. (2010). Intercultural communication. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE. Davis, K. (2000). Bridging boundaries the pastoral care of U.S. Hispanics. Scranton, Pa.:  University of Scranton Press. Martin, J., Nakayama, T. (2013). Intercultural communication in contexts (6th ed.). New  York: McGraw-Hill. Piller, I. (2011). Intercultural communication a critical introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh  University Press. Samovar, L. (2006). Intercultural communication: A reader (11th ed.). Belmont, CA:  Thomson/Wadsworth. Toomey, S., Chung, L. (2012). Understanding intercultural communication (2nd ed.). New  York: Oxford University Press.

Animal Cells: Types and Functions

Animal Cells: Types and Functions I chose to do my research paper on an animal cell because I thought it would be interesting to see how an animal cell works. Animal are very complex when it comes to determining where the cell is found, the function of the cell, and all the organelles names and functions. An animal cell has many contents and thats why its very complex and important. The animal cell contents are cell membrane, Lysosome, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, vacuole, mitochondria, centrosome, cytoplasm, rough er, smooth er, ribosome, and Golgi body. The cell membrane is a thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. This is also called the membrane semipermeable which means allowing some substance passing through the cell and blocking others. The Lysosome is spherical organelles that function as a recycling center and a garbage disposal. Powerful digestive enzymes concentrated in the Lysosome break down worn out organelles and ship their building blocks to the cytoplasm where they are used to construct new organelles. Lysosomes also dismantle and recycle protein, lipids, and molecules. The digestion of a cells nutrients takes place here. A nucleus is a spherical body containing many organelles including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell by controlling protein synthesis and it also contains DNA chromosomes. The nucleus is also surrounded by the nuclear membrane. It is the largest organelle in an animal cell and it contains numerous strands of DNA. Long sections of eukaryotic DNA pack into the nucleus by wrapping the proteins. While the cell begins to divide, each DNA strand folds over itself several times forming a rod shaped chromosome. Another content of the animal cell is the nucleolu s. A nucleolus is an organelle within the nucleus and it is where the ribosomal DNA is produced. Also I believe cells have more than one nucleolus. A nuclear membrane is a membrane that surrounds the nucleus. A vacuole is a fluid filled membrane with surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole is being filled with food that has been digested and wastes that are coming from the cell. The mitochondrion is a spherical rod shaped organelle with two membranes. The inner membrane is infolded many times forming a series of protections called cristae. The mitochondrion converts the energy stored into the glucose in ATP. ATP stands for adenosine triphate. This molecule serves as an energy battery for countless cellular processes, including the shuttling of substances across the plasma membrane, the building and transporting of proteins and lipids, the recycling of molecules and organelles, and the dividing of cells. A centrosome is a small body located near the nucleus and it has a dense center and radiating tubes. The centrosome is where the microtubules are made. During the process of mitosis, the centrosome divided into two parts and the two parts move to opposite sides. The cytoplasm is the jelly like material outside the cell nucleus where the organelles are located. There are two types of ER. The first type is rough ER. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough surface and appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces in sacks called cisternae, which are sent to the Golgi body or inserted into the cell membrane. The smooth ER is a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes located in the cells cytoplasm. The space inside the ER is called the lumen ER. The smooth ER also transports materials through the cell. The next content is the ribosome. The ribosome is a small organelle composed of RNA and rich cytoplasmic granules that are sited of protein synthesis. The last content of the animal cell is the Golgi body. The Golgi body is a flattened, layered sac like organelle that is located near the nucleus. It also produces the membranes that surround the Lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membranes. The overall function of an animal cell is that they are the building blocks of tissues, organs, and whole organisms. The cell also carries around DNA of an animal. The animal cell has no chlorophyll. Also the animal does not have a cell wall because the animal cell has only cell membranes that are made up of phospholipids bilayer and proteins that hold up and protect the cell and the parts of the cell animal cells are also smaller and have no permanent vacuoles. The animal cell has no cellulose and is made up of almost cytoplasm. The eukaryotic cell is a lot larger than the prokaryotic cell. The eukaryotic is different from the paralytic cell because the eukaryotic cell houses a nucleus and numerous other membrane enclosed organelles. These organelles enable specialized functions to be carried out efficiently. The building pf proteins and lipids take place in separate organelles where the specialized enzymes are located. I loved working on this research paper because it got me thinki ng about becoming a biologist. I thought that cells were just something in your body but now I know its more than that. There is a whole other world.

Anti-Federalist :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most Americans were very suspicious of government, but the Anti- Federalist was really mistrustful of the government in general and strong national government. This mistrust was the basis of their opposition to the constitution. They feared it had created a government the people could not control. Many distinguished Americans were Anti-Federalists. Leaders included George Mason and Elbridge Gerry. Both attended the Philadelphia Convention but had refused to sign the constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Anti-Federalist argued that the Constitution had many flaws. The thought that it should have been developed in meetings whose proceedings was open to the public. And it would undermine a republican form of government. It gave too much power to the national government at the expense of the powers of state governments. It gave too much power to the executive branch of the national government at the expense of the other branches. It gave too much power because of the â€Å"necessary and proper clause.† It did not adequately separate the powers of the executive and legislative branches. In addition, it allowed the national government to keep an army during peacetime. And also it did not include a bill of rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They feared that because of these flaws in the Constitution, the new national government would be a threat to their national rights. They also thought that the constitution had been developed by an elite and privileged group to create a national government for the purpose of serving its own selfish interest. They thought the only safe government that if it had a local and closely linked with the will of the people. And controlled by the people, by such means as we have yearly elections and replacing peopled in key positions often.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Federalist knew that many members of Congress and the state governments were against the new Constitution, largely because it reduced their powers. So the federalist decided not to ask the Congress or state governments to approve the Constitution, even though they were expected to do so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, now that the Constitution has worked successfully for 200 years, it would be easy to ignore the anti-federalist of 1787 and 1788 as an unimportant historical force, a collection of no constructive reactionaries and cranks. Actually, the anti-federalist may well have represented the views of the majority of the Americans, whose reasons for preferring the old Articles of Confederation were firmly within the democratic tradition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among the anti-federalist were fiery old patriot leaders who feared

Ramification Of Jordan :: essays research papers

Trustworthy Computing Continues to Build Momentum The third year of Microsoft’s long-term commitment saw progress in technology investments, industry leadership and customer guidance. REDMOND, Wash., Jan. 13, 2005 -- Scott Charney wants people to think of using their computer in the same way they think of using their telephone. Scott Charney, vice president, Trustworthy Computing, Microsoft Corp. Not that Charney, vice president of Trustworthy Computing at Microsoft, is trying to advocate voice over other communication choices. Rather, he points out that people will walk up to almost any telephone, pick up the receiver and take for granted that they will get a dial tone. Even though the phone system occasionally fails, people are still confident that they will get a dial tone, their call will be completed, and their conversation will be secure and private. Charney wants people to think about computers in the same way. And that is why Microsoft is full steam ahead on its Trustworthy Computing initiative, which marks three years of progress on January 15. Launched by an internal memo from Chairman and Chief Software Architect Bill Gates in 2002, Trustworthy Computing is a long-term effort to create and deliver secure, private, and reliable computing experiences for everyone. Charney says Microsoft made significant progress in Trustworthy Computing's third year, progress reflected in its technology investments, industry leadership and customer guidance. Even so, he says, Microsoft recognizes there is a long way to go. "Remember that the telephone evolved over several decades to reach today's level of trust; party lines were hardly secure or private," he says. "Computers have reached global ubiquity in only 20 years, but the industry is still maturing, and reliability, security and privacy -- the things that create trust -- are still improving. People recognize the value of computing, but many people still wonder if something bad will happen when they are using their personal computer. "Trust in computing is critical if technology is to deliver on its promise. Microsoft's leadership will hopefully help the industry generate that trust sooner rather than later." Technology Investment and Innovation Trustworthy Online Microsoft offers numerous sites with information, tips and guidance for users, both corporate and consumer, in support of its Trustworthy Computing initiative. These include: Trustworthy Computing: Complete details about this long-term initiative. Security and Privacy Customer Assistance: More detailed information on how to deal with common security and privacy problems. Security and Privacy reference materials: Microsoft Press publishes an extensive selection of books on computer security, privacy and safety issues.

Dispositional Optimism Essay -- Psychology, Behaviorism

Behaviorism is an essential part of our daily lives since it reflects how we learn and deal with varying circumstances. Schacter, Gilbert and Wegner (2011) states that behaviorism restricts psychologists to focus purely on observable behavior; it rejects the emphasis of the conscious and unconscious mind (p. 16). Ivan Pavlov, who was a Russian physiologist, discovered this concept when he researched the role that saliva played on digestion. In his experiment, he gave the dogs’ meat powder to see how they would salivate to it. After a while, he noticed that the dogs’ salivated even before he gave them food; if the dogs’ saw the white lab coat, put in the harness, hear the sound of a buzzer, or the ringing of a bell. He then concluded that these dogs’ were learning from the environment, which at first, they thought was an annoyance, leading Pavlov to the classical conditioning process - which says that we learn through pairings and association ( Ryan, G. (2013) Lectures on Learning. Personal Collection of G. Ryan, Suffolk County Community College, Brentwood NY). Another advocate of behaviorism was John B. Watson, who wanted to demonstrate that even sophisticated behaviors such as emotion are subject to classical conditioning. Watson conducted a study known as â€Å"Little Albert,† where he taught the infant to fear the white rat, which was originally a neutral stimulus. Every time the rat appeared, he would bang two metal pipes together to scare the infant. Consequently, it resulted to â€Å"Little Albert† to fear similar objects to the rat- known as stimulus generalization, and in this case, it was a broad selection of animals. However, according to the authors Schacter, Gilbert, and Wegner (2011) classical conditioning stu... ...the end, you are the only one who can truly put you in the dark. Moreover, you, yourself, are the one who can take you out of your darkness. References Brodhagen, A., Wise, D. (2008). Optimism as a Mediator Between the Experience of Child Abuse, Other Traumatic Events, and Distress. Journal Of Family Violence, 23(6), 403-411 Brunk, L., Hirsch, J. K., LaLonde, S. M., Morris, A. P., and Wolford, K., 2007 (2007). Dispositional Optimism as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Negative Life Events and Suicide Ideation and Attempts. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 31(4), 533- 546. Ryan, G. (2013) Lectures on Learning. Personal Collection of G. Ryan, Suffolk County Community College, Brentwood NY Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D.T., and Wegner, D.M., (2011). Learning (p. 16 and 177). Psychology (Second Edition). New York, N.Y: Worth Publishers.

Analysis of “Eat at My Restaurant †Cash Flow” Essay

Understanding the flow of cash within an organization is critical to knowing the health of an organization. Without this understanding, a business may run into a situation where even though they are profitable, they may not have enough cash on hand to meet their obligations. This paper will look at the case study Eat at My Restaurant – Cash Flow (Gibson, 2013) and will analyze the difference between net cash provided by operating activities and net income and determine which a better indicator of long-term profitability is. It will then provide an analysis of the cash flow ratios for each of the firms contained in the case study. Finally, this paper will conclude with a determination of if one of the companies in the case study has a cash flow problem. Net Cash versus Net Income Net income is derived from the Income Statement, which is based on the accrual method of accounting. Under the accrual method, revenue is recognized when earned and expenses are recognized when incurred. Net cash provided by operating activities uses the cash method of accounting where cash and expenses are recognized when received and paid. For example, under the accrual method, which net income is based on, a company would recognize revenue for services delivered based on the delivery of services instead of when a customer actually pays the invoice for these services. This is an important distinction because from an income perspective, the company will eventually receive that money, the company will not actually have that cash in-hand to pay expenses or make investments until receipt of payment from their customer. This could create a situation where although the company looks profitable, in reality they cannot make their short-term commitments. When considering whether net cash provided by operating activities or net income is a better indicator of long-term profitability, the writer feels that the words â€Å"long-term† are critical to that decision. While net cash is  critical to determine the ability of the organization to meet its immediate requirements, the non-cash factors that are included in the net income calculation portray a more accurate view of the long-term profitability. Also because of the timing differences between when revenue and expenses are recognized, the accrual method behind the net income model will produce visibility that is more accurate. For example, a month that produces low volume of sales and a high volume of receivable could produce a positive cash flow when in reality that low sales volume will negatively affect the subsequent months. This variance wou ld be visible in the net income but would not be visible in net cash. Case Study Company Comparison Yum Brands, Inc. In the two years presented in the case study (2009-2010), Yum Brands, Inc. saw a significant decline in its operating cash flow/current maturities of long-term debt and current notes payable. This indicates that they are less able to meet their current debt obligation. However, when looking at operating cash flow/total debt, there is an increase of 7.3% showing that Yum Brands, Inc. is more able to cover its debt with operating cash. A review of the operating cash flow per share shows an increase of $1.14 showing an improvement in its ability to make capital expense decisions and pay dividends to its shareholders. Finally, Yum Brands, Inc. a .9 increase in operating cash flow/cash dividends. This shows that they are more able to pay dividends with its yearly operating cash. Panera Bread During the same two-year period (2009-2010), Panera Bread did not have any long-term debt mature or have any current notes payable. They did however have 17.27% decrease in their ability to meet their total debt burden with operating cash. Panera Bread did show an increase of $0.74 in operating cash flow per share indicating an improved ability to make capital purchase decisions and pay dividends to its shareholders. Panera Bread did not make any dividend payments in either year. Starbucks In 2009 and 2010, Starbuck also did not have any long-term debt mature or have any current notes payable. However, they did show a 7.94% increase in their operating cash flow/total debt ratio. This indicates an improved ability to cover their total debt with operating cash flow. During this same period, Starbucks had an increase of $0.37 in operating cash flow per share indicating an improved ability to make capital purchase decisions and pay dividends to its shareholders. Although they did not pay any dividends in 2009, they did show an increase of 9.97 in operating cash flow/cash dividends in 2010. This shows that they are more able to pay dividends with yearly operating cash. Cash Flow Woes While Panera Bread does show an increase of 28.5% in net income-including noncontrolling interest, they are only showing an increase of 10.6% in net cash provided by operating activities. This combined with a 17.27% decrease in their operating cash flow/total debt ratio could indicate potential challenges meeting debt. Furthermore, although Panera Bread does show an improvement of $0.74 in operating cash flow per share, they have not issued any dividends. This could indicate that Panera Bread is trying to invest in growth or potentially they are having difficulty meeting cash obligations. For these reasons, the writer believes Panera Bread may be experiencing a cash flow problem; however, a deeper look into their financial statements, balance sheets and cash flow statements over a broader timeframe would be required to assess their true position. Conclusion Net Cash and Net Income are both critical elements allowing a view to the health of an organization. While it is imperative that a business has visibility to the cash available to pay debt, make investments, make capital purchases and pay its shareholders, it is equally important to have visibility to all revenue and expenses. While each tells their own story, in the end it is when used together that they bring the most value. References Gibson, C. H. (2013). Financial Reporting & Analysis. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Philosophical Movement that Shaped Philippine Education Essay

Pre-colonial period During the pre-colonial period, education was still decentralized. Children were provided with more vocational training but fewer academics. Philippine schools were headed by parents or by their tribal tutors. They employed a unique writing system known as baybayin. Spanish Period When the Spanish first arrived in Manila, they were surprised to find a population with a literacy rate higher than that of Madrid. During the early Spanish period, most education was conducted by religious orders. The church and the school both worked together. All Christian villages had schools for students to attend. Spanish missionaries established schools immediately after reaching the islands. There was a separate school for boys and girls. The wealthy Filipinos or the Ilustrados were accommodated in the school. The Educational Decree of 1863 created a free public education system in the Philippines, run by the government. It was the first such education system in Asia. First Republic The Malolos Republic: Also called The First Philippine Republic Because of the destruction of many schools and to the peace and order condition, all the schools were closed for the time being. Aguinaldo decreed that all diplomas awarded by UST after 1898 be considered null and void Article 23 of the Malolos Constitution mandated that public education would be free and obligatory in all schools of the nation under the First Philippine Republic Aguinaldo included an item for public instruction amounting P35, 000 in the budget for 1899. August 29, 1898, the Secretary of the Interior ordered the provincial governors to reestablish the schools that had been abandoned before. American Period American Expeditionary forces were sent to Philippines with a mission to destroy the Spanish Armanda in Manila Bay as part of the strategy to defeat the Spaniards in the Spanish-American War ranging at that time in Cuba. ï‚â€"Americans won, and on the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, the Philippines was ceded to the United State by the Spanish for the paltry sum of US $20 Million. 1898, American occupied Manila. Reopened schools where in the American Soldiers were the first teachers. Education should be  universal and free for all regardless of sex, age, religion and socio-economic status of the individual. Act No. 74, established the public primary school in 1901 and intermediate school in 1904 which provides free public education. Thomasites – group of professionals sent by the United State Government who where assigned to teach English language. Act No. 372, required all provinces to maintain a provincial high school. 1901 – Philippine Normal School was founded to train teachers. 1908 – University of the Philippines was established. Education was the means of giving people and orientation towards a democratic way of life. Japanese Period 1941- the Pacific War broke out and the Philippines came under the Japanese occupation. Department of Education, Health and Public Welfare – its function is to reopen schools and to make reports to the Japanese Administration. Military order no. 2 in 1942 – Japanese educational policies were embodied in the Military Order No. 2. The Philippines Executive Commission established. Schools were reopened in June 1942 with 300,000 students. Third Republic During the period from the proclamation of the Third Philippine Republic on July 4, 1946, under the administration of President Manuel Roxas until the pre-martial law days of the Marcos regime, the country’s educational philosophy was in accordance with the provisions of Article XIV, section 5 of the 1935 Constitution which provides that: all educational institution is under the supervision of and subject to regulation of the State the government shall provide at least free primary instruction and citizenship training to adults. the educational aims are to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic consciousness, and vocational efficiency and teach the duties of citizenship religious education is optional Universities enjoy academic freedom the State shall create scholarships for gifted citizens. Fourth Republic ï‚â€"n 1972, the Department of Education became the Department of Education and Culture by the virtue of Proclamation 1081 which was signed by President Ferdinand Marcos. on January 17, 1973, President Marcos ratified the 1973  Constitution by Proclamation 1102. The 1973 Constitution set out the three fundamental aims of education in the Philippines, to: ââ€" ¦Foster love of country; ââ€" ¦teach the duties of citizenship; and ââ€" ¦develop moral character, self-discipline, and scientific, technological and vocational efficiency. ï‚â€"On September 24, 1972, by Presidential Decree No. 1, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports was decentralized with decision-making shared among thirteen regional offices. In 1978, by the Presidential Decree No. 1397, the Department of Education and Culture became the Ministry of Education and Culture. The Education Act of 1982 provided for an integrated system of education covering both formal and non-formal education at all levels. Section 16 and Section 17 upgraded the obligations and qualifications required for teachers and administrators; while Section 41 provided for government financial assistance to private schools. This act also created the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. Fifth Republic On February 2, 1987, a new Constitution for the Philippines was ratified. Section 3, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution contains the ten fundamental aims of education in the Philippines. It is also seen that under the 1987 Constitution, only elementary school is compulsory. In 1987 by virtue of Executive Order No. 117, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, became the Department of Education, Culture and Sports. The structure of DECS as embodied in the order remained practically unchanged until 1994. On May 26, 1988, the Congress of the Philippines enacted the Republic Act 6655, the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988, which mandated free public secondary education commencing in the school year 1988–1989. On February 3, 1992, the Congress enacted Republic Act 7323, which provided that students aged 15 to 25 may be employed during Christmas and summer vacation with a salary not lower than the minimum wage. 60% of the wage is to be paid by the employer and 40% is by the government. On May 18, 1994, the Congress passed Republic Act 7722, the Higher Education Act of 1994, creating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), which assumed the functions of the Bureau of Higher Education, and supervises tertiary degree programs. On August 25, 1994, the Congress passed Republic Act 7796, the Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994, creating the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority(TESDA) 2000s and K-12 Program In August 2001, Republic Act 9155, otherwise called the Governance of Basic Education Act, was passed transforming the name of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) to the Department of Education (DepEd) The goal of basic education is to provide the school age population and young adults with skills, knowledge and values to become caring, self-reliant, productive and patriotic citizens. 2010s and the K-12 Program The start of this century’s second decade saw a major improvement in the Philippine education system. In 2011, DepEd started to implement the new K-12 educational system, which includes the new curricula for all schools. In this system, education is now compulsory. The implementation of the K-12 program is â€Å"phased†. The K-12 Program means Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary education, which is part of the Educational Program of President Benigno Simeon â€Å"Noynoy† C. Aquino III.

Macbeth Ambition Essay

English Assignment – Term 3 Representations of ambition within Macbeth Within Macbeth, there are numerous representations of human values and conflicts, including duty vs. desire, the effects of a guilty conscience on the human journey and the differences between genders, and the superiority of men within the play, and the modern era. The value foregrounded throughout this text is the representations of ambition within the play Macbeth, and we will be focusing on the protagonist of the story, ironically named Macbeth. The effect of ambition can be a double-edged sword. Ambition can provide a person with desire, so that they can accomplish goals, and give them a kick-start towards them. On the other hand, however, ambition can transition into what’s known as vaulting ambition, which can be defined as pursuing your ambitions without taking into consideration the consequences that comes with it, and hypothetically ‘vaulting’ over the boundaries set. The protagonist within the play, Macbeth, exemplifies the act of ‘vaulting ambition’, and it is mentioned once within the play. ‘The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step on which I must fall down, or else o’erleap, for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires, let not light see my black and deep desires. The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be which the eye fears, when it is done, to see.’ Macbeth’s inner desires are reignited after the battle, when he arranges to meet with the three witches on the heath. The witches proclaim and prophesize that Macbeth will not only hold his position as Thane of Glamis, but also be crowned Thane of Cawdor, and eventually, the King of Scotland, though they do not say how. If Macbeth decides to seek his ambitions, that have now been reminded to him by the witches’ foresights, it would mean that he would have to eradicate the King of Scotland, through the act of regicide. This is what Macbeth was discoursing through his significant soliloquy; that the obstacles he must destroy must not be seen by the eye. He does indeed know that this act is ‘black’, meaning the act is malicious, and outright wrong, though it must be done if his accomplishments are to be met. Once he murders the King Duncan, he knows that he must prolong his undeserved spot as King, as the repercussions will be that of the actions that he have committed. This is due to the Chain of Being, which he has distinctly broken. Once this hypothetical chain is broken, which by the way, represents the natural order, the universe will be plundered into chaos, and ‘righting the wrong’ will retain the natural order. Throughout the ending of the play, when Duncan’s sons plot to overthrow Macbeth, he accepts his fate, and the apparitions stated by the three witches during their second meeting with Macbeth come to fruition. He knows of his imminent downfall, and within his final moments of life, he accepts defeat. ‘I will not yield to kiss the ground before young Malcolm’s feet, and to be baited with the rabble’s curse. Though Birnam Wood be come to Dunsinane, and thou opposed, being of no woman born, yet I will try the last. Before my body I throw my warlike shield. Lay on, Macduff; and damned be him that first cries, ‘Hold, enough!’ This scene marks the promised demise of Macbeth, and good once again conquering evil. His ambitions overall lead to his demise, and if he had either followed his orders from the King, who is a higher being on the ‘Chain of Being’, or gained the royal, majestic position through an accepted process, then his death would not have been sentenced and sealed. Macbeth’s reactions to the prophecies given to him can be compared to the composure at which Banquo reacted to the prophecies handed to him. The three witches stated that Banquo’s future male lineage will be Kings, and left it at that. Banquo never went that step further, he decided that that would be good enough, and in the end, it was the more noble decision, and his death was through an act of atrocity by Macbeth, who saw Banquo as a threat who had to be eliminated. His death was not in vein, as it allowed good to overpower evil once again. It is through his ambitions, and the persuasion of his wife, Lady Macbeth, whose intention was to propel her husband to a more powerful position. Adding to that, the premonitions of the three sisters, meant that Macbeth seemingly had no choice but to chase his burning desires. He was so overcome with thoughts and feelings that lead to him being of a higher class, that it seemed so easy, and it was something that had to be done. It can be concluded that Macbeth’s collapse was due to the poor decisions made, and his overall pursuing of his ambitions to make it to the top,

Environmental Science Essay

Our world looses 40,000 species a year, while ocean fisheries collapse and global warming threatens ecosystems from the coral reefs to the melting of the North Pole poles to the grain-producing mid-latitudes. There is a greater need than ever before to understand ecosystem processes, man’s impact on these processes, and the value systems that will determine our future interactions with our own ecosystem. Conservation is akin to problem solving, hence the emphasis on the art of solving problems and the critical-analytical approach toward understanding the underlying issues. Conserving nature is thus related to solving problems arising from human interference. It thus combines the complexity of nature with the human dimension, which is complicated to say the least. Hence the multitude of dimensions, confusion of ideas and the widespread involvement in all facets of daily life.Conservation is rooted in the belief that something can be done to prevent the loss of an endeared entity. When we saw native forests disappearing to shipbuilding and firewood, we began to protect them, goes the story. However, the truth follows a slightly different path. Forests were saved because people discovered coal, which was much more efficient to use. Instead of building ships from timber, steel proved to be a better choice. Instead of burning firewood for locomotives, coal proved more efficient. Thus coal and steel saved the remnants of native forests. Likewise it was fossil oil that saved the whales. If no economic replacement can be found, people will use the resource to the last little bit. Conservation in its early days, often happened by accident. However, today, people are using knowledge, foresight, labour and technology for proactive conservation. Soil conservation: soil has become threatened by human cultivation and climate change, resulting in loss of fertility, erosion and desertification. Water conservation: water is needed for food and industry, but in many nations a severe shortage is looming as humans use over 50% of fresh water that never reaches the sea. Atmosphere conservation: clean air is needed by all organisms on Earth. The atmosphere regulates the Earth’s temperature and protects it from harmful radiation. Global warming and ozone depletion threaten all organisms, including humans. Natural habitat conservation: wildlife needs natural habitat, Wildlife conservation: preventing extinctions, maintaining biodiversity. Mineral conservation: the mining of minerals rests almost exclusively in the hands of mining companies. Their business is to supply an ever hungrier market. Conservation of minerals can be done only at the consumer’s end, by reducing the need, reusing by-products and recycling wastes Energy conservation: energy is the main driving force behind industry and indeed our civilisation. Our entire standard of living depends on energy to the extent, that people in developed countries use the equivalent of 50 human slaves each, or more. Fossil fuel is going to run out and alternatives have to be found, as well as energy conserved. Urban conservation: in recent times, many cities have grown so rapidly that they have become unlivable due to overcrowding, traffic jams, inadequate public transportation systems, air and water pollution, noise, and lack of recreational parks. People flee the cities to live in suburbs, causing urban areas to sprawl, which exacerbates the transport-related problems. Urban conservation aims to make cities more livable, while halting urban sprawl. Marine conservation: the marine environment has its own rules. To do conservation for the benefit of nature is difficult enough, but because humans are involved in every step, the matter becomes very much more complicated. In fact, this aspect can become quite time-consuming and energy-sapping, often obscuring what the whole purpose of conservation is all about. Human society has become more complicated over time, and will continue to do so. People have occupied every bit of land, and have also been allowed to own it. By having an interest in an area planned for conservation, or an extractable species, human lives are affected and conflicts arise. People who have a claim to be considered, call themselves stakeholders. Don’t be surprised that a stakeholder can live hundreds of kilometres away from the place of conflict. Here are the human interests that need to be considered along every step: economic: people’s incomes are affected. Countries with a Bill Of Rights, require such people to be compensated financially. It increases the cost of conservation. However, often new opportunities present themselves, and people can get better jobs through re-training. Where fishing is stopped, boat owners and skippers can learn to earn a living from eco-tourism. Park rangers are required, and those displaced from the area make good rangers due to their local knowledge. rights: over time, people have given themselves all kinds of rights. Their present predicament is seen as a right obtained through custom, and any change to it is seen as an infringement of such rights. tradition: people have been doing what they do for many generations, often passed down in families from father to son. Villages have a tradition, and so do areas. A conservation effort may upset such traditions. culture: every ethnic group has a different culture. Within a culture, specific rights and beliefs are held dearly. Conservation may infringe on such cultural values. spiritual: persons and groups may have spiritual values, arising from beliefs and superstitions. emotional value: people often value a place or a species emotionally. Such values cannot be measured but are real to the beholders. A large range of emotional values can be held. race: racial matters may dominate conservation efforts. Original People like the Maori in New Zealand, the Aborigines in Australia and the Indians in America and Canada, have lived in the area for a long time, and have cultural and spiritual ties with an area. However, often the race issue is used to gain power and income. Nevertheless, it seems that the three underlying causes, population growth, economic growth and material needs (‘standard of living’) are too holy to be stemmed, or even discussed. So it happens that all our conservation efforts are directed at fixing problems, rather than preventing them. Worse still, the concept of sustainable development requires us to increase economic activity while also conserving the environment, two opposing goals. Conservationists now try to improve our ‘quality of life’, the need for a clean environment, such as clean air and water, uncluttered living areas, and unspoiled scenic lands. Only very recently has the concept of biodiversity entered the conservationist’s vocabulary. It requires healthy ecosystems, not just for the benefit of people but also for those other millions of species. The ecological crisis, as an outcome of human impact on nature, has reached a point that could threaten the very survival of humanity. In keeping with the economic interests of a small minority, new production forms be implemented faster and faster, with no prior evaluation of their ecological consequences. These minority interests also require maintaining production techniques recognized as harmful. This is going on while technological progress is increasing the possibility of acting upon nature, and hence upsetting or destroying it. Industry, transports and the breakdown of more or less durable consumer goods release a great variety of toxic substances into the air. The unbridled and apparently uncontrollable growth of motor vehicle traffic makes this the primary source of sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, far ahead of household and industrial heating. Formic aldehyde, mercury and asbestos, for example, are industrial pollutants. These are also found to a very significant extent in everyday consumer products, such as building materials in the case of formaldehyde and asbestos, and mercury in batteries. Waste, of household, agricultural or industrial origin alike, is carried off in the world’s waters, turning them into gigantic sewers. Continental waters, rivers and lakes are the hardest-hit, but pollution is reaching the sea more and more, via rivers and coastal cities. The direct consequences are the accumulation of heavy metals; mercury, cadmium, etc, and highly toxic organic compounds, in sediment on the ocean floor, riverbeds and lakebeds. Above all, fertilizer build-up, involving nitrates and phosphates, has led to an unbridled proliferation of algae and water plants. Their breakdown then exhausts the oxygen dissolved in the water: resulting in a massive death of aquatic life. Among the most dramatic manifestations of the ecological crisis, the destruction of the world’s forests is among the most disturbing, because of the extent of its consequences. In 50 years, one third of the world’s woodlands has disappeared. This has hit tropical countries the hardest. In the industrialized countries, the wooded area has remained relatively stable, but forests are slowly dying from air, oil and soil pollution. However, in the â€Å"Third World†, deforestation is at the heart of the ecological crisis. Deforestation is the outcome of a vicious cycle of poverty and depletion of arable land. Another cause is the over-harvesting of tropical woods, with no concern for sustainable management. This destroys biodiversity – the tropical forests are home to over 50% of the plant and animal species of our planet – and the forest population’s resources, in order to provide a cheaper product for Western building and furniture markets. In future, we must see our neighbours as partners and friends rather than as poachers and foes. This partnership can also extend to adjoining industries, farming enterprises and business ventures. It does, of course, mean that human attitudes and behaviour will have to change. We should all see ourselves as custodians of the environment and learn to live in harmony with it. Only then will we see light at the end of a dark tunnel. Worked Cite: Daniel B. Botkin, Edward A. Keller Published by Wiley Text Books (June 2002) Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet

The 2012 Olympic Games in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The 2012 Olympic Games in Britain - Essay Example It is a global event and it attracts a lot of world attention, which is an avenue for prosperity for the host country. The most profound of this sporting event is that it features summer and winter sports where the well-molded and crafted athletes from around the globe gather and showcase their superb talents (Davis, 2012:41). This has been a culture of late, a stage for the outstanding talent. Since the times of BARON PIERRE DE COUBERRTIN (the founder of the initial Olympic committee), the games have evolved into accommodating numerous changes. This will bring new visitors to Britain who probably would not have come. As a result, it will open new visitors markets, which is to greater extend what United Kingdom dreamed of (Great Britain Parliament House Committee, 2010:71). Hosting the Olympic Games in London will bring with it the inspiration merits, support and subjects for thousands of clinical and scientific studies. This is expected benefit because most of the overlooked legacie s of these games give avenues for scientific research in science and medicine (Thornton, 2011:4). All eyes will be glued as the biggest sporting event on the planet will kick starts at its grounds. With 26 performances to pass through our eyes, with 10,500 multi-talented athletes, they form useful experimental subjects (Houlihan and Green, 2011:113). This is so because modern sport and medicine have of late enjoyed a close relationship. These are great avenues for Britain scientists to put into practice their knowledge since the athletes volunteer to be examined because of their competitiveness This gathering is expected to bring out one of the busiest summers in the history of the England nation (Houlihan and Green, 2011;151). Moreover, the London economy is set to convey out its most sophisticated transport system, which in-deed is expected to be the crandle of running wheels in the entire Europe (E.S.R.C., 2010:09). Again the world is set to be fed with yet another new architectu ral design of the recent times as the games will take place in the magnificently designed venues and the Olympic parks across London and around the United Kingdom (Davis, 2012:77). This is for sure, all good news since the economy will be expected to tap from this source. As the festival progress by, the England nation is set to host and accommodate all this visitors. The welfare of all the Olympic ticket holders not to mention their security will whole-handedly be in the hands of the host. It is all in the care of the London government to bring out and unleash its deep sitted level of services in order to gain (Davis, 2012:45). In addition, the country will again benefit by exposing its culture to the world. As expected, there would be hostels and campsites. Luxury hotels are set to be, food and ancient traditions and all forms of travelling (Thornton, 2011:17). London and United Kingdom have a great range of things to show to the attending and spectating world and benefit a lot. W hether the country will profit from these events, is all left on how the organizers have planned. It is now a question of how the games can be sustained in terms of the environmental impact and the dire need of the United Kingdom government to deliver a long lasting legacy and benefit at a variety of scales. As scheduled, almost all the Olympic proceedings should be held within the London locality (E.S.R.C., 2010:13). The country been part of the organizers will try to provide profitable grounds for

Media Education in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media Education in Schools - Essay Example This essay declares that the society generates needs that match with new and available technologies instead of technology being created to match current needs. With this argument, he seems to agree to McLuhan’s famous quote that ‘medium is the message’ where the kind of media used by the society is a prominent force of cultural and social change then any statement delivered through that media. This simply means that apart from providing education, the system needs to look into the manner in which it is imparting it and assess whether any changes need to be initiated to correct any deficiencies and enhance the quality of education imparted to students. Tis paper makes a conclusion that technology can shape society. Schools can no longer rely on traditional methods to educate the masses. The advent of modern media like television and the Internet have given people access to a lot more information that a school alone cannot teach any longer. In fact, much of this information can be accessed within the classroom especially through the instantaneous access to the World Wide Web. This enhances the role of the school as information, in itself, is not restricted to anyone and easy to access. The education system needs to focus primarily on two objectives: teaching children to behave as part of a new and broader community and to learn and ignore useless information. Thus, the emphasis of media education should rely increasingly on filtering information and learning the proper ways to handle it. In many ways, this addresses the predominant notion of media education.

The Chinese Communist Partys Ideological Change Essay

The Chinese Communist Partys Ideological Change - Essay Example There have been many changes in the political systems and in particular to the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party, from 1978, when the then leader of the party and the country Deng Xiaoping began to initiate reforms and a movement towards a more market oriented economy. According to Misra (1998, p.272) and other scholars predicted the imminent decline and demise of the Marxist ideology in China, while other scholars who held a contrary opinion held that the ideology is not on its death bed; rather it is on its path to recovery (Brugger and David 1990, p.7). Ordinary Chinese citizens had become tired with the ideologies of the party and those of the its high profile leaders, it was perceived by the masses as more of a privileged society but less in touch with what is happening on the ground, this majorly began in the late 1990s. Currently, there is a general feeling amongst the populace that the Chinese Communist Party is riddled with corruption, and its sheer size complicates ef fectiveness of the party. Pro-democracy scholars and activist have a firm belief that the Party has lost its relevance in this century, and that the current leaders have lost legitimacy from the people and that they suffer from governance issues and this will ultimately lead to its collapse. After the death of the Chinese leader, Deng in 1997, majority of leaders in the west and particularly the United States predicted the collapse and adoption of ideologies of democracy in China. Most of them had predicted in the late 1990s that the regime would eventually collapse in the year 2010; this has happened, as the current leader is tightening these political policies but opening up the economy. In the

Advanced Practice in Community Health Nursing Essay

Advanced Practice in Community Health Nursing - Essay Example This paper shall analyze the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination program being implemented in Singapore in response to the increase of cervical cancer cases. The proposed response to the selected health issue shall then be considered. Finally a proposed action plan to establish the current response to the selected issue close to the ideal best practice response shall be presented. Body Cervical cancer is considered the seventh most popular form of cancer among women in Singapore (National Registry of Diseases, 2008). All of these cases of cervical cancer have been attributed to the Human Papilloma Virus; this virus has also been associated with the development of tumour growths in the vulva, vagina, anus, and the penis. It has also been associated to genital warts (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). There are two types of HPV vaccines being used in Singapore, namely, the Gardasil and the Cervarix. Gardasil is used for females aged 9 to 26 years and Cervarix is used for females aged 10 to 25 years (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). With these numbers, the importance of setting up a health program to reduce these cases has been considered vital for the global community, and certainly for Singapore. Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination in Singapore Merck was the first who was able to gain approval from the US Food and Drug Administration in the distribution of Gardasil, its first HPV vaccine (Parry, 2007). Since then, it has been approved in other countries and is being distributed worldwide. GlaxoSmith followed Merck’s success by finally gaining approval for its HPV vaccine known as Cervarix. In the meantime, the World Health Organization has been active in its information dissemination about this vaccine and in establishing guidelines for the distribution and use of this vaccine. It has been tested in various parts of the globe, and so far, consistent results have been seen (Parry, 2007). The WHO has also pr ovided all countries seeking to utilize this vaccine with the guidance and technical notes in introducing these vaccines. The WHO acknowledges the importance of educating the governments and health professionals about the vaccine and the virus itself, its risks, and the possible preventive measures which they can apply in order to reduce its impact (Parry, 2007). The benefits of this vaccine have been apparent in relation to HPV 16/18 related pre-cancer lesions; their long-term benefits however have yet to be established. Nevertheless, both vaccines have proven to be generally safe and tolerated without any serious negative events observed (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). Minor side-effects observed include pain, swelling, redness at the site of injection. In injections, these are common side-effects which are usually expected and pose no alarming risks and implications. In Singapore, the Ministry of Health is recommending HPV vaccination among females aged 9 and 26 years (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). Ideally, it must be given to females who have never had sexual intercourse because it is a vaccine which does not provide protection against already existing HPV infections (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). Sexually active women can also be vaccinated, but they must first undergo Papanicolaou Smear tests in order to rule out the presence of the virus or any other neoplastic growths. The efficacy of the HPV vaccine is also expected to be lower among sexually active